Ko tēhea te mea pai ake mō ngā whare tūmatanui, he waea ātete ki ngā kaipahua, he waea ātete rānei ki te huarere?

• Ka aro te ātete ki ngā mahi kino ki te pānga, te keri, te tāhae, me te tukinotanga auau; ka aro te ātete ki te huarere ki te wai, te puehu, te waikura, me te hihi o te rā.
• Mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-waho, me arotake ngātahi te ārai i te urunga mai me te ātete ki te pānga, kaua e whakamahia motuhake hei tātari hokohoko.
• Ko ngā whakamahinga ohorere e hiahia ana ki te mārama, te wātea, me te pono i raro i te ahotea, kaua ko te taputapu anake e whakakā ana.
• Ngā paerewa pēnei iNgā whakatauranga IP IECmeASTM F2388āwhina ki te tautuhi i ngā tumanakohanga mahi ka taea te whakamātautau.

I roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te iwi whānui, ko te whakautu tika he "waea ātete huarere" he "waea ātete kino" rānei; ko te taputapu e rite ana ki te aratau rahunga tūturu, te whakaaturanga tāutanga, me te whakaritenga urupare. Hei tauira, he ātete puehu ngā taputapu kua whakatauria he IP66, ā, he tiakina mai i ngā pupuhi wai kaha i raro i te IEC 60529, ko te pakari miihini o waho pea me whai whāinga pānga teitei ake pērā i te IK10, e tautuhia whānuitia ana i roto i te anga tiaki pānga IEC. He mea nui tēnei nā te mea he rerekē ngā mōrearea o te wāhi āwhina teihana, he waea o te ara kura, me te pouaka waea ohorere o te taha o te rori. Mena kei roto i tō papaanga te whakaaturanga tuwhera, te urunga atu a te marea whānui, te tukinotanga rānei, arotakehiangā hua whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō ngā whare tūmatanui, whakatairite i tētahiwaea ātete ki ngā kaipahuame tewaea ātete huarere, ā, tirohia mēnā me whai wāhi anō hoki te tāutanga ki tētahiwaea ohorerehe rāneihoa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahie taea ai te tautoko i ngā whakatakotoranga, te whakairinga, me te tiaki.

Waea Ātete Kino vs Waea Ātete Huarere mō te Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero ā-Whare Tūmatanui

He mea hanga te waea ātete ki ngā kaipahua kia ora ai i te whakamahinga hē a te tangata, ko te waea ātete ki te huarere ia he mea hanga kia ora ai i te pānga ki te taiao; ko te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu ka whakawhirinaki ki te tūmomo mōrearea ka tere ake te momotu i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero.

He maha ngā wā ka whakakotahihia e ngā whare tūmatanui ngā mōrearea e rua, engari ko te tauira rahunga te nuinga o te wā e whakatau ana i te whānau hua. I roto i te whare rerewē, tera pea kei roto te waea engari kei te kitea tonu i ngā whana, i ngā tō iri, i ngā moni, i ngā wai, me te whakamahinga huna. I roto i te papa waka takutai moana, ko te mōrearea matua ko te waikura, te wai pītiti, me te koroheketanga ultraviolet kaua ki ngā whakaeke tika. E ai ki te IEC 60529, ko te IP66 te tikanga he parenga puehu me te ātete ki ngā pupuhi wai kaha, he mea whai hua mō ngā whakaurunga o waho; heoi, kāore taua whakatauranga anake e kī taurangi i te ātete ki te tukino tinana. Mō tēnā, he maha ngā kaihoko e titiro ana ki te pakari o te pānga, ngā here ātete-whakarerekē, ngā matau whakarewa, ngā taura ārai, me ngā wāhanga kua huna.

I roto i ngā mahi hokohoko, ehara i te mea ko te pātai anake "Ka taea e ia te waea atu?" engari ko te pātai anō hoki "Ka taea e ia te waea tonu i muri i ngā mano tini o ngā taunekeneke a te marea?" Mō ngā wāhi e nui ana te haere o te tangata, ko te kōwhiringa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tika mō ngā whare tūmatanui ka tīmata i te nuinga o te wā me te hapa tino kitea: te pakaru, te urunga mai o te rehu, te waikura o te hononga, te kore tiaki rānei. Mena me ora te taputapu i te tukino me te huarere, me aromatawai te pouaka, te papapātuhi, te waea pūkoro, me te tikanga whakairi hei pūnaha, kaua hei āhuatanga motuhake.

He aha te otinga tūturu a te waea ātete ki ngā mahi kino

Ka whakatauhia e te waea pūkoro ātete ki ngā kaiwhakangaro te raruraru o te pakaru ā-tūturu, te whakamahi kino i ngā wā katoa, me te urunga kore whakamanatanga.

Ko ēnei taputapu he mea whakarite noa mō ngā whare herehere, ngā pokapū whakawhiti, ngā papa tākaro, ngā puni, ngā kauhanga, me ngā wāhi waka. Ehara te kaupapa matua o te hangarau i te roa o te āhua; engari ko te haere tonu o te mahi i muri i te pānga, te kaha o te rīpene, te kukume waea, me ngā ngana ki te whakatuwhera, ki te tango rānei i te waeine. Ko ngā huānga hoahoa noa ko ngā pereti mata kowiri tira, ngā pātene kua huna, ngā whakapiri huna, ngā taura kua whakakahangia ki te maitai, me ngā whare e whakawhāiti ana i ngā pūwāhi rīpene. I roto i te maha o ngā wāhi tūmatanui, ko te waea pūkoro te wāhanga tino ngoikore, nō reira ka taea e te āhua kore-waea, kore-ringa rānei te whakaiti i te mōrearea pakaru.

Mai i te tirohanga paerewa, me wehewehe te pānga me te urunga. E tautuhia ana e te IEC 60529 te waehere IP mō te tiaki puehu me te wai, ko te pānga ā-pūkaha ia ka arotakehia i raro i te pūnaha IK i roto i te IEC 62262. Nō reira, tera pea he taputapu kua hiritia katoatia e te huarere engari ka pakaru tonu i raro i te whiu koi, tera pea ka ātete ki te pānga engari ka pakaru i roto i te taiao mākū. Koia te take me tono ngā kaihoko waea ātete ki te kino mō ngā taunakitanga taiao me ngā taunakitanga ā-pūkaha, kaua ko te kereme hokohoko anake. Mō ngā kaupapa he mōrearea te tukino noa, he tauira pakari mai ingā otinga waea ahumahihe pai ake i te nuinga o te wā i tētahi waea pūkoro paerewa mō waho.

He aha te otinga tūturu a te waea ātete huarere

Ka whakatauhia e te waea ātete-huarere te raruraru o te roa o te wā e pāngia ana e te ua, te tote, te puehu, te hihi UV, me te huringa pāmahana.

He pai rawa atu tēnei kāwai mō ngā ara raro o waho, ngā papa takutai moana, ngā papa ahumahi, ngā tauranga uta, ngā papa pahi, me ngā whakaurunga taha rori, kei reira te taiao, ehara i te kaiwhakamahi, te tūmomo mōrearea matua. Ko te ārai huarere e pā ana ki te hiri, ki ngā rauemi, ki te waikeri, me te pumau o te wera. Mena ka mau te makuku, ka pakaru rānei te whare i te UV, ka pakaru pea te taputapu i mua i te mutunga o te ora o ngā hikohiko. E whakanui ana ngā raraunga rauemi a NIST mō te waikura me te huarere ko te roa o te ora o waho e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pānga o te makuku, te tote, te mārama, me te rerekētanga o te pāmahana, ehara i te mea kotahi anake.

Mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te iwi whānui, ko te tikanga me aromatawai te hua mā te āhua o te whakaaturanga katoa. Me ātete te whare tiaki pahi ua ki te wai me te tapanga e taea te pānui. Me ātete te hikoi ki te kohu tote me ngā taputapu ātete waikura ki te taha moana. Me hiahia pea te whakaurunga raki ki te whanonga whakaoho pāmahana iti me te ngāwari o te taura i ngā āhuatanga makariri. Mena he kino te taiao engari he iti te tukino, he waea ātete huarere te whiringa tino whai hua. Mena he kino te tukino, ā, he pai te huarere, he pai ake te haumi i te waea ātete ki te hunga whakangaro. Mena he kino ngā mea e rua, ko te whakautu he waeine waho pakari.

Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i waenga i a rātou mā te horopaki tāutanga

Ka mārama te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu ina maherehia e koe te aratau rahunga tino mōrearea o te pae.

Kei te ripanga i raro nei he tirohanga hokohoko mō te kōwhiringa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero a te iwi whānui. Kāore e ranea te pātai noa kei hea te waea e mau ana; me mōhio koe ko wai ka taea te toro atu, te auau o te whakamahinga, me te aha hoki ka raru ai i te tuatahi.

I te nuinga o ngā kaupapa tūmatanui, ka taea te whakaiti i te whakatau ki ngā pātai e toru: kei te pāngia te wāhi e te huarere, kei te pāngia te taputapu e te tangata, ā, ko tēhea te mea ka nui ake te tūponotanga ki te whakararuraru i te waeatanga ohorere? Mena ko te whakautu ki ngā mea e toru he āe, he tika te hoahoa pakari teitei ake ahakoa he nui ake te utu hoko. He pono rawa atu tēnei ina he wāhanga te waea o tētahi pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero whānui mō ngā whare tūmatanui e whakauru ana hokingā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrerohe rāneiwaea whakahaere urunga.

Ngā paerewa, ngā whakatauranga, me ngā tikanga whakamātautau e whai tikanga ana

Me whiriwhiri ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō ngā wāhi tūmatanui mā te whakamahi i ngā whakaritenga ka taea te whakamātautau, kaua ki ngā kupu āhua koretake.

Ko te tohutoro tino whai hua mō te hiri o waho ko te IEC 60529, e tautuhi ana i ngā whakatauranga IP pēnei i te IP65, IP66, me te IP67. Ko te tikanga o te IP65 he ātete puehu, ā, he mea tiaki i ngā pupuhi wai; ko te tikanga o te IP66 he ātete puehu, ā, he mea tiaki i ngā pupuhi wai kaha; ko te tikanga o te IP67 he ātete puehu, ā, he mea tiaki i te rumaki wā poto tae atu ki te 1 mita mō te 30 meneti i raro i te tikanga whakamātautau paerewa. Mō te ātete pānga, ka whakamahia e te IEC 62262 te tauine IK, ko te IK10 e rite ana ki te 20 joules o te kaha pānga. Ehara aua tau i te reo hokohoko; he reo hoko.

Ka tuhia hoki e te US Federal Communications Commission ngā whakaritenga mō te whakatūpato ohorere me te haumaru tūmatanui i roto i te horopaki kaupapa here whānui, ā, he maha ngā kaihoko tūmatanui e whakamahi ana i aua tumanakohanga hei whakarite i te wā mahi me ngā whāinga urunga. Mō ngā wāhi whakahaere mate urutā, mō ngā wāhi akuaku rānei, ka kōrero ētahi tīma whare mō ētahi wā.Aratohu whakahaere mate urutā a te CDCi te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā mata me ngā tikanga horoi, inā koa mēnā kei roto te pūwāhi whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i tētahi wāhi tūmatanui. Mō ngā tīma hokohoko, he māmā noa te akoranga mahi: pātai atu mō te waehere IP tika, te whakamātautau pānga tika, te tikanga whakairi tika, me te tukanga urunga ratonga tika.

He aha i kore ai e angitu te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui i te ao tūturu

Ko te nuinga o ngā rahunga i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i roto i ngā whare tūmatanui ka puta mai nā te mea kāore i te tino arohia te horopaki tāutanga, ehara i te mea nā te mea kāore i pai te hoahoa o te ara iahiko oro.

Ko ngā hapa o te ao tūturu e taka ana ki roto i ngā wāhanga e rima: te tukino tinana, te urunga wai, te waikura, te poke, te motuhanga hiko, me te koretake o te mārama oro. Tērā pea ka pakaru tonu te waea ahakoa ka wetekina te pereti whakairi, ka tawhito ngā hiri, ka uaua rānei te kimi i te pātene waea i raro i te taumahatanga. I roto i ngā whare haruru, he mea nui te mārama. Ka taea e te taputapu te tangi nui, ā, ka raru tonu te kaiwhakamahi mēnā kāore e taea e te hopuoro, e te kaikorero rānei te whakakore i te haruru o te taiao. He maha ngā wā ka aro atu ngā pūnaha reo ahumahi ki ngā taumata kōrero e mārama tonu ana i runga ake i te haruru papamuri, ā, koia te take he rite te hiranga o te hoahoa oro ki te hoahoa o te pouaka.

I ngā āhuatanga ohorere, he wāhanga o te hua te wā urupare. Mena he uaua rawa, he huna rawa, he pakarukaru rawa rānei te wāhi waea, e kore ngā kaiwhakamahi e whakawhirinaki ki a ia. Nō reira, me whakamātau ngā whare tūmatanui mō te tirohanga, te mahi kotahi-taahiraa, te whakamahinga o ngā karapu, me te ngāwari o te mahi. He ture māmā noa iho tēnei: ​​ko te nui ake o te ingoakore me te ahotea o te taiao, ko te mea nui ake kia kitea, kia mōhiotia, kia whakamahia hoki te waea i roto i te torutoru hēkona.

Ngā mea hei pātai atu i mua i te hoko i tētahi waea whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō ngā wāhi tūmatanui

Ka whakatairite ngā kaihoko atamai i ngā mōrearea, ehara i te kereme pukapuka iti.

1. He aha te tūponotanga matua: te mahi kino, te huarere, te waikura, ngā mea katoa rānei e toru?
2. He aha te whakatauranga IP e hiahiatia ana mō te wāhi tāutanga: IP65, IP66, IP67 rānei?
3. He aha te ātete pānga e hiahiatia ana: e tika ana te IK10, e whakaaetia ana rānei te taumata iti iho?
4. Ka whakamahia rānei te taputapu i ngā āhuatanga ohorere e hiahia ana kia pā kotahi te whakamahi?
5. Ka taea te mahi whakatikatika i te waeine me te kore e wetewete i te tāutanga katoa?
6. Kei te wātea ngā wāhanga whakakapinga, ngā taura, me ngā pātene hei tiaki mō te wā roa?

Mō ngā tīma kaupapa, ka whakaitihia e ēnei pātai te utu nui o te mahi whakahou. Kāore e pai te waea ātete huarere, he ngāwari ki te rehu atu engari he ngāwari ki te huraina, mō te taunga pahi. Kāore e pai te waea ātete ki ngā kaipahua e ora ana i te pānga engari ka waikura i te hau tote, mō te huarahi hīkoi i te taha o te wai. Ko te whakatakotoranga tika ko te mea e ora ana i te hītori tūturu o te papaanga, ehara i te mea ariā.

Ripanga whakatairite: waea ātete ki te kino me te waea ātete huarere

Ko te huarahi māmā ki te whakataurite i ngā mea e rua, ko te wehewehe i te tukino a te tangata mai i te pānga ki te taiao.

I roto i te maha o ngā kaupapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō ngā whare tūmatanui, ko te hua pai rawa atu ko te whiriwhiri i te waeine e tino uaua ana ki te hinga i raro i te raruraru pea o te papa. Koia te take kāore e ranea te whakatauranga o waho mō ngā taiao tūmatanui kino, ā, he aha pea kāore e hiahiatia he waeine pakari rawa te patu i te wāhi marino engari ua.

Ina ko te hoahoa pakari ranu te kōwhiringa mohio rawa atu

Ko te hoahoa pakari ranu te otinga tino whai hua ina he mōrearea tūturu ngā āhuatanga kino me te huarere.

He maha ngā wāhi tūmatanui kāore e taea te whakauru mārire ki roto i te kāwai kotahi. Tērā pea ka pāngia te taunga waka takutai e te rehu, te onepu, me te whakangaromanga. Tērā pea ka pāngia te taha o te papa tākaro e te ua, te horoi hiko, me te pēhanga o te mano. I ēnei wā, ko te whāinga hoko he waea e whakakotahi ana i ngā hiko hiri, ngā whare ātete-pānga, ngā whakatikatika ātete-whakarerekē, me ngā wāhanga waeine ka taea te tiaki. Ko te painga o tēnei huarahi he iti ake te mōrearea o te huringa ora: he iti ake ngā waeatanga ratonga, he iti ake ngā motuhanga ohorere, ā, he iti ake te whakahokinga o ngā taputapu.

Mō ngā kaupapa nunui ake, he mea nui ake te utu o te huringa ora i te utu hoko iti rawa. Mā te waeine utu nui ake e karo ana i tētahi hui karanga kore angitu, ka nui ake pea te penapena i te mahi, te tūponotanga ki te haumaru, me te ngaronga o te ingoa pai. E ai ki te arorau whakamahere haumaru tūmatanui, ko te pito whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tino nui ko te mea e whakawhirinakihia ana e ngā kaiwhakamahi hei whakamahi i raro i te ahotea. Ki te whakataurite koe i ngā raina hua, tīmata ki te hiahia taiao, kātahi ka tirohia mēnā ko tewaea whare hereherete hanganga momo, tewaea ātete huarerete hiri, tewaea ātete ki ngā kaipahuate hanganga e tino ōrite ana ki tō pae.

Anga whakatau mō ngā miihini, ngā kaiwhakahaere whare, me ngā kaihoko

Ko te huarahi tere ki te whiriwhiri ko te whakatau i te pae i runga i te whakaaturanga, te tukino, me ngā here tiaki.

1. Tātaihia te pānga o te rangi mai i te 0 ki te 5: i roto, i waho e tiakina ana, e kitea katoatia ana, i te takutai moana, i te waipuke rānei.
2. Kaute mō te tūponotanga o te tukino mai i te 0 ki te 5: urunga tirotiro, whakamahinga tūmatanui taurite, urunga hoariri/ingoakore rānei.
3. Ko te kaute mō te manawanui tiaki mai i te 0 ki te 5: he ngāwari te uru atu ki te ratonga, he iti te mahi, he uaua rānei te tae atu ki te tāutanga.
4. Kōwhiria he ātete ki te huarere i te tuatahi mēnā ko te kaute taiao te mea teitei rawa.
5. Kōwhiria te ātete ki ngā mahi kino i te tuatahi mēnā ko te kaute tūkino te mea teitei rawa.
6. Kōwhiria he waeine pakari ranu mēnā he teitei ngā kaute e rua, ā, kāore e whakaaetia te wā whakatā.

Ka mahi tēnei anga nā te mea e whakaata ana i te āhua o te puta o ngā rahunga. Kāore e hiahiatia kia kaha rawa te taputapu i roto i ngā wāhanga katoa; me kaha rawa ki te wāhi e ngoikore ana te pae. Koinei te huarahi tino whai hua ki te tautuhi i ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mō ngā wāhi tūmatanui me te kore e hoko nui i ngā āhuatanga e kore e whakamahia.

Ngā Pātai Auau

Ko tēhea te mea pai ake mō te teihana kawe waka, he waea ātete ki ngā kaipahua, he waea ātete rānei ki te huarere?

He pai ake te waea ātete ki ngā mahi kino mō te teihana kawe waka nā te mea ko te mōrearea nui ko te tukino, te raweke, me te whakamahinga nui a te marea, ahakoa me ārai pea i te huarere mō te teihana o waho.

He rawaka te IP66 mō ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ki ngā whare tūmatanui?

I raro i te IEC 60529, he nui te IP66 mō te puehu me ngā pupuhi wai taumaha, engari kāore e whakakapi i te ātete pānga, i te parenga rānei ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui.

Ko te ātete ki te huarere te tikanga he ātete ki ngā kaipahua?

Kāo. Ka ārai te ātete huarere i te pānga o te taiao, ko te ātete ki ngā kaipahua ka ārai i te tukino tinana me te tāhae.

He aha te IK10, ā, he aha tōna hiranga?

He taumata ātete-pānga teitei te IK10 i roto i te IEC 62262, ā, e rite ana ki te 20 joule o te pūngao pānga, he mea whai hua mō ngā whakaurunga tūmatanui mōrearea nui.

Ka taea e te taputapu kotahi te tu atu i ngā mahi kino me te huarere?

Āe. He maha ngā whare tūmatanui e whakamahi ana i tētahi waea pakari ranu e whakakotahi ana i ngā hikohiko hiri, ngā whare pakari, me ngā taputapu ātete-whakarerekē.

Ko ēhea ngā āhuatanga me whakarite tuatahi e au?

Whakaritea te aratau rahunga ka aukati i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i te tuatahi: te tukino, te urunga mai, te waikura, te māramatanga oro rānei.

Me pēhea taku whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki i roto i te wā?

Kōwhiria ngā wāhanga rerekē, ngā rauemi ātete-waikura, te whakamau haumaru, me te hoahoa e rite ana ki te wāhi e kitea ana, kia kore ai te taputapu e mahi nui rawa, e kore rānei e tiakina pai.