He aha te Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Ahumahi, ā, he aha tōna hiranga?

Kupu Whakataki

I roto i te aunoatanga ahumahi, ko te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero te hanganga e āhei ai ngā mīhini, ngā pūoko, ngā kaiwhakahaere, me ngā pūmanawa ki te mahi i runga i te mōhiohio kotahi i te wā tika. Kua hangaia he pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahi mō te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga kua whakaritea, te wātea nui, me te mahi pono i roto i ngā taiao uaua ka taea e ngā whakaroa, ngā rahunga rānei te whakararuraru i te whakaputanga me te whakararu i te haumaru. Mā te mārama ki te mahi a ēnei pūnaha ka āwhina i te whakamārama he aha ka taea ai e ngā wheketere te aroturuki i ngā taputapu i te wā tūturu, te whakarite i ngā tukanga puta noa i ngā taputapu maha, me te hono i te hangarau whakahaere ki ngā pūnaha pakihi. Kei roto i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei ngā āhuatanga o tētahi pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahi, tōna rerekētanga mai i te whatunga paerewa, me te aha e pā tika ana ki te wā mahi, te whai huatanga, me te tirohanga.

He aha te Hiranga o ngā Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Ahumahi

An pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahie mahi ana hei pūnaha io matua ote hanga hou, te whakahaere tukanga, me ngā taiao aunoatanga. He rerekē i ngā whatunga IT umanga paerewa e whakatairanga ana i te whānui o te hononga me te hononga whānui, kua hangaia ngā whatunga ahumahi hei whakahaere i te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga tika, wā-tūturu i waenga i ngā pūoko, ngā kaiwhakaoho, ngā kaiwhakahaere arorau hōtaka (PLC), me ngā pūnaha tirotiro. Hei hono i te āputa i waenga i te hangarau whakahaere (OT) me te hangarau mōhiohio (IT), ka hangaia e ēnei pūnaha te hanganga taketake e hiahiatia ana mō ngā kaupapa Ahumahi 4.0.

Ko ngā pānga pūtea me ngā pānga whakahaere i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi e hiahia ana kia hangaia he hoahoa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero motuhake. Ko te rahunga whatunga wā poto, te pikinga roa rānei o te whakaroa ka puta he raruraru ārai wā poto i roto i te taiao tari, ka arahi pea ki te kino kino o ngā taputapu, ki ngā tūponotanga haumaru, ki ngā mano tāra rānei i roto i ngā rauemi para i runga i te papa wheketere. Nō reira, kua hangaia ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahi hei whakamana i te tuku raraunga i roto i ngā wā tino pakari, ka taea te ine, me te aro ki ngā inenga wātea whatunga o te 99.999% neke atu rānei.

Me pēhea te whakapai ake i te wā mahi me te tirohanga

Mā te whakahaere i te whakawhiti raraunga tere-teitei i waenga i ngā taputapu taumata-marae me ngā pūnaha whakahaere tirotiro me te kohikohi raraunga (SCADA) taumata-runga, ka tino whakarei ake ngā whatunga hou i te whai huatanga whānui o ngā taputapu (OEE). Mā te telemetry tonu ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu te neke mai i ngā tauira tiaki tauhohe ki ngā tauira tiaki matapae. Ina whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pai ngā pūoko wiri me ngā puku motuka mā roto i ngā hongere whānui-rahi—he maha ngā wā e mahi ana i te 100 Mbps ki te 1 Gbps—ka taea e ngā miihini tātari te kite i ngā hapa iti rawa i mua i te puta o ngā hapa miihini.

Mā tēnei tirohanga tonu ka whakaitihia te wā whakatārewatanga kāore i whakamaheretia. I roto i ngā ahumahi tukatuka taumaha, ina mutu te mahi i te haora kotahi ka nui ake ngā utu i te $100,000, mā te kaha ki te whai i tētahi hapa whatunga ki tētahi tauranga motuhake, ki tētahi whati taura rānei i roto i ngā hēkona kaua ki ngā haora ka tino whakarerekē i te tauira tiaki. Mā ngā kawa tātaritanga matatau kua whakauruhia ki roto i te pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ka tino tika te hauora o te whatunga, ka whakaitihia ngā whakaroa rapurongoā, ka whakanuia hoki te wā mahi.

He aha te hiranga o te mahi tahi, te whakatau, me te haumarutanga tukutuku

Ko te mea matua e rerekē ai tētahi pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi ko te whakatau-ā-roto—te tino taurangi ka tukuna, ka whiwhihia hoki tētahi karere i roto i tētahi wā tika, ka taea te matapae. I roto i ngā tono whakahaere nekehanga, pērā i ngā ringa karetao tukutahi, i ngā raina tākai tere-rahi rānei, me pupuri tonu te wiri whatunga i raro iho i te 1 maikorohekona. Ki te kore tēnei tino tika, ka rahua te taunga maha-tuaka, ka hua ake he hapa hua me ngā tukinga miihini.

Mā te mahi tahi ka taea e ngā taputapu rerekē mai i ngā kaihoko rerekē te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te kore he arai motuhake. Mā ngā kawa paerewa ka taea e ngā whare te whakauru i ngā mīhini motuhake ki roto i tētahi whatunga honohono puta noa i te tipu, ka whakaiti i ngā utu raka me te whakauru a te kaihoko. Heoi, ka whānui ake te mata o te whakaeke i tēnei hononga kua piki ake. Kāore he kōwhiringa i te whakatinana i ngā mahi haumarutanga tukutuku pakari, inā koa te piri ki te paerewa IEC 62443. Me whakauru e ngā pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahi te tirotiro hohonu o ngā pākete, te wehewehenga whatunga, me te whakahaere urunga taumata-tauranga hei tiaki i ngā tūmomo riri ipurangi o waho me ngā whirihoranga hē o roto.

Ngā mea kei roto i tētahi Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti Kōrero Ahumahi

He maha ngā paparanga o te hanganga o tētahi pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahi, e whakauru pai ana i ngā taputapu ā-tinana me ngā kawa pūmanawa uaua. Mā te hono tata ki te Hanganga Tohutoro Hinonga Purdue, ka wehea e ēnei pūnaha te waka whatunga mai i te Taumata 0 (ngā tukanga ā-tinana) ki te Taumata 3 (ngā pūnaha whakahaere hanga) me tua atu. Mā tēnei huarahi paparanga ka noho motuhake ngā raraunga whakahaere nui mai i te waka hinonga iti ake te aro ki te wā.

Ngā paparanga matua me ngā wāhanga

I te taumata taketake, ko ngā wāhanga ā-tinana ko ngā pana pakari, ngā pouara, ngā kuaha, me ngā taura kua hangaia hei tu atu i ngā pāmahana tino kino, te pokanoa hikohiko nui (EMI), me te wiri tonu. Hei tauira, ko ngā pana Ethernet ahumahi he maha ngā wā kei roto ngā āputa IP67, he paninga āhua rite ki ngā papa hiko, me ngā whakaurunga hiko tāpiri hei ora i ngā āhuatanga kino o te papa tipu.

Kei runga ake i te paparanga ā-tinana, ka whakamahia e ngā paparanga hononga raraunga me ngā paparanga tonongā tikanga ahumahi motuhakehei whakahaere i te whakawhitiwhiti raraunga. Ka mahi ngā kuwaha me ngā taputapu rorohiko taha hei kaiwhakamāori, e huri ana i ngā raraunga raupapa tawhito ki ngā mōkihi Ethernet hou. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā mīhini tawhito, motuhake te whai wāhi ki ngā rautaki kohikohi raraunga matatau me te kore e hiahiatia he whakahounga taputapu katoa.

Te āhua o te hoahoa o ngā kawa, ngā pāpāho, te āhua o te whenua, me te wā

Ko te kōwhiringa o ngā pāpāho ā-tinana te mea nui hei whakatau i ngā āheinga me ngā herenga o te whatunga. He whānui ngā taura parahi ahumahi paerewa (Cat5e, Cat6a rānei) engari kei te herea tonutia e te rohe roa 100-mita mō ia wāhanga. Mō ngā whare whānui, ngā taiao rānei he nui te EMI, ka whakamahia ngā taura muka whatu aratau-kotahi, ka taea te tuku raraunga i ngā tawhiti neke atu i te 10 kiromita me te kore e heke te tohu.

Ko te hoahoa o te āhuahanga ka hanga ake i te pakari o te pūnaha. Ahakoa e whakawhirinaki ana te hangarau mōhiohio hinonga ki ngā āhuahanga whetu, he maha ngā whatunga ahumahi e whakamahi ana i ngā whirihoranga mowhiti, mekameka rānei hei arotau i ngā oma taura me te whakarite i te auautanga. Mā ngā kawa pēnei i te Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP) me te Device Level Ring (DLR) ka taea e te āhuahanga mowhiti te whakaora mai i te whati taura i raro i te 50 mirihekona. Hei tāpiri, ka whakatinanahia te wā tika mā te IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTP), e tukutahi ana i ngā karaka taputapu puta noa i te whatunga ki te tika o raro iho i te maikorohekona, he mea nui mō te whakahaere nekehanga tino taunga.

Te Whakataurite i ngā Kōwhiringa Kawa

Ko te aromatawai i tētahi pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi me mārama hōhonu ki ngā tikanga kawa. Nā te whakawhiti mai i ngā pahi raupapa motuhake ki ngā paerewa e hangai ana ki te Ethernet kua whakakotahi i te paparanga ā-tinana, engari kei te tino motuhake tonu ngā paparanga tono. Ko te whiriwhiri i te kawa tika e tohu ana ehara i te tere o te whatunga anake engari ko te maha rawa o ngā taputapu ka taea e ia te tautoko me te uaua o tōna whakaurunga.

Ngā paearu matua mō te whiriwhiri i ngā kawa

Me arotake e ngā kaihangarau ngā kawa i runga i ngā paearu mahi tino pakari: te wā huringa iti rawa, te maha o ngā pūnga, te tautoko āhuahanga, me ngā tikanga tauutuutu taketake. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he wā huringa i roto i ngā rau mirihekona anake mō tētahi tipu tukatuka aunoa e aroturuki ana i ngā taumata tāke, ā, ka rawaka te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero TCP/IP paerewa. I tetahi atu taha, ko te mīhini tā tere-rahi e hiahia ana kia iti iho i te 1 mirihekona ngā wā huringa.

Ko tētahi atu paearu nui ko te whai huatanga o te kawenga o te kawa. He nui te utu mō ētahi kawa mō te ara me te tātaritanga, he mea e whakaaetia ana mō ngā whatunga SCADA nui engari he kino ki te mana whakahaere taumata-mīhini tino whakatau. He nui hoki te pānga o te kōwhiringa kawa ki ngā utu taputapu, nā te mea ko ētahi paerewa mahi-teitei e hiahia ana ki ngā Porowhita Whakauru Taupānga-Motuhake (ASIC) me ngā Ara Kete Hōtaka-Wāhi (FPGA) motuhake i roto i ia taputapu mara.

Ethernet Ahumahi me te pahi mara

Ko ngā hoahoanga pahi mara tawhito, pērā i te PROFIBUS DP, Modbus RTU rānei, ka mahi i runga i ngā hononga raupapa (hei tauira, RS-485). He tino pakari, he tino whakatau hoki ēnei whatunga engari he nui ngā herenga whānui, ko te nuinga o te wā ka mutu ki te 12 Mbps mō te PROFIBUS, ā, he iti iho mō ētahi atu. He tino whakarōpūtanga, ā, he uaua ki te whakahaere i ngā rahinga nui o ngā raraunga tātaritanga e hiahiatia ana e ngā pūnaha tiaki matapae hou.

Ngā kawa Ethernet ahumahi, tae atu ki a PROFINET, EtherNet/IP, me EtherCAT, kua nui te whakakapi i te pahi mara i roto i ngā whakatinanatanga hou. Mā te mahi i te 100 Mbps ki te 1 Gbps, ka whakaratohia e te Ethernet Ahumahi te whānui o te hononga e tika ana hei tuku i ngā raraunga whakahaere wā-tūturu me ngā raraunga tātaritanga kore-wā-tūturu mā te waea tinana kotahi. Ahakoa he maha ngā wā ka herea ngā whatunga pahi mara ki te 32, ki te 128 rānei ngā pona mō ia wāhanga, ka taea e ngā whatunga Ethernet Ahumahi te tauine ki ngā mano tini o ngā taputapu honohono, mena ka wehea tika te whatunga.

Ngā taupatupatu i roto i te whakaroa, te tauine, me te pakari

Ko te whakatutuki i te whakaroa tino iti me whai whakaaro ki ngā whakataurite i roto i te hototahi whatunga paerewa. Hei tauira, ka tutuki i a EtherCAT ngā wā huringa iti iho i te 100 maikorohekona mō ngā pūwāhi I/O tohatoha 1,000 mā te whakamahi i tētahi tikanga "tukatuka i runga i te rere". Heoi, me whai taputapu motuhake tēnei i ngā pūnga pononga, ā, kāore e whakamahi i ngā pana Ethernet paerewa i roto i te wāhanga EtherCAT.

I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā kawa pēnei i a EtherNet/IP e whakawhirinaki katoa ana ki ngā taputapu Ethernet paerewa, kāore i whakarerekētia, me te huinga TCP/UDP/IP. Mā tēnei ka whakanui ake i te tauine me te whakaurunga IT/OT maeneene, engari ka nui ake te whakawhirinaki ki te whakatutukitanga o te whakatau iti-mirihēkona ki te whirihoranga whatunga tupato, te whakatau i te Kounga Ratonga (QoS), me ngā pana whakahaere mahi-teitei.

Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te pūnaha tika

Ko te hoahoa me te whakatinana i tētahi pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ahumahi pakari me whakataurite i ngā hiahia whakahaere tonu me te kaha ki te tauine me te haumarutanga mō te wā roa. Kāore e ranea te aromatawai hangarau noa iho o te whānui me te whakaroa; me whai ngā kaihangarau i tētahi tirohanga Utu Katoa o te Mana Whakahaere (TCO) e whai whakaaro ana ki te mahi whakauru, te tiaki tonu, me te hiahia tonu mō te whakawhānui ā-muri.

Te aromatawai i ngā whakaritenga tono me te turanga kua tāutahia

Me whai whakaaro ngā rautaki hekenga ki te turanga kua tāutahia. I roto i ngā taiao parauri, he onge te whai hua ā-ōhanga o te whakakapinga katoa i ngā hanganga pahi mara tawhito. Engari, ka whakatinanahia e ngā kaiwhakauru pūnahangā kuwaha kawa me ngā kaiwhakahaere tahahei whakauru i ngā raraunga raupapa ki roto i ngā anga Ethernet, hei hono i te mea tawhito ki te mea hou. Me tino tatau ngā kaihangarau i te whakaroa e tukuna ana e ēnei keti whakamāori kia mau tonu ai te pumau o ngā koropiko whakahaere.

Mō ngā kaupapa hou, he mea nui te aromatawai i te kaha o ngā pūnga. Me matapae e ngā kaiwhakamahere te maha o ngā pūnga whatunga e hiahiatia ana mō te tekau tau e whai ake nei. Ko te tikanga pai ko te hoahoa i ngā whatunga iti e kore e whakamahi i te neke atu i te 50% ki te 60% o ō rātou whānui me te kaha o ngā pūnga i te whakarewatanga tuatahi. Hei tauira, mā te whakawhāiti i tētahi rohe pāho kotahi ki raro iho i te 500 ngā taputapu ka ārai i ngā awha pāho kei heke te mahi a te whatunga i te whānui haere o te whare.

Ngā paerewa mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, te haumarutanga tukutuku, me te pono

Ko ngā anga ture e whakatau ana i te tūāpapa mō te haumaru mahi me te parenga whatunga. Mēnā he tūraru ngā mīhini taumaha ki te oranga o te tangata, me tautoko te pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i ngā kawa haumaru (hei tauira, PROFIsafe, CIP Safety) e tutuki ana i te IEC 61508. Ka whakamahia e ēnei kawa ngā mātāpono hongere pango hei whakatutuki i te Taumata Haumaru 3 (SIL 3), me te whakarite kia iti iho i te 10^-7 ia hāora te tūponotanga o te rahunga morearea ina tonoa.

I te wā kotahi, me hangai te hoahoa whatunga ki te IEC 62443.paerewa haumarutanga tukutukuKei roto i tēnei ko te whakatū i ngā rohe me ngā awa haumarutanga motuhake, te whakatinana i ngā pareārai ahi ahumahi, me te whakatinana i te haumarutanga tauranga tino pakari. Ko te whakakore i ngā tauranga tinana kāore e whakamahia ana me te whakamahi i te tātari wāhitau MAC i te taumata pana he mahi matua hei whakatutuki i te tūnga haumarutanga taketake.

Ngā mahi whakatinanatanga hei whakaiti i te mōrearea whakaurunga

Ko te whakatinanatanga angitu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakamana pakari, ā-wāhanga hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea whakauru. I mua i te tāutanga ā-tinana, me whakahaere he Whakamātautau Whakaae Wheketere (FAT) whānui hei whakatauira i te tere o te haere o te whatunga me te whakamana i te mahi tahi o ngā kawa. Me manatoko e tēnei wāhanga whakamātautau kei te tika te whakatau i ngā whirihoranga Kounga Ratonga (QoS) hei whakatau i ngā mōkihi whakahaere nui i runga ake i ngā whakawhiti raraunga papatipu.

I te wā e whakatinanahia ana te pūnaha, me piri pono ki ngā paerewa taura. Mā te kore e tika te whenua, te whakamahi rānei i ngā taura kore-parepare i ngā wāhi hiko teitei ka puta he pokanoa hikohiko, ka arahi ki te ngaronga o te mōkihi me ngā hapa wā poto e tino uaua ana ki te tautuhi. Hei whakamutunga, mā te whakatū i tētahi tūāpapa mō te mahi whatunga—te tuhi i ngā rahinga waka noa, ngā tere wiri, me ngā kawenga CPU whakawhiti—ka whakaratohia ki ngā rōpū tiaki ngā raraunga tauanga e tika ana hei kite me te whakatau i te hekenga o te whatunga i mua i te pānga ki te whakaputanga.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Ngā whakatau me ngā take matua mō te Pūnaha Whakawhitiwhiti Ahumahi
• Ngā whakaritenga, ngā whakaritenga, me ngā arowhai mōrearea e tika ana kia whakamanahia i mua i tō whakaae
• Ngā mahi whai muri me ngā whakatūpato ka taea e ngā kaipānui te tono tonu

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi?

He whatunga pakari tēnei e hono ana i ngā pūoko, ngā PLC, ngā SCADA, ngā waea, ngā intercom, me ngā whakaoho kia taea ai te neke pono o ngā raraunga me ngā reo i te wā tūturu puta noa i ngā papa ahumahi.

He aha te hiranga o tētahi pūnaha whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-umanga mō te wā e ora ai te tipu?

Ka whakaitihia te wā whakatā mā te tuku tohu tere, matapaetia, me te mārama ake o te kitea o ngā hapa, ā, ka āwhina i ngā tīma ki te kite wawe i ngā take me te urupare i mua i te aukati i te whakaputanga i ngā rahunga.

Ko ēhea ngā hua e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā taiao kino, mōrearea rānei?

Ko ngā kōwhiringa noa ko ngā waea ātete-pahū, ātete-huarere rānei, ngā waea whakawhitiwhiti ataata, ngā pouaka waea ohorere, ngā pūnaha PA, me ngā taputapu IP PBX/VoIP i hangaia mō ngā rohe haruru, puehu, makuku, me ngā rohe mōrearea.

Me pēhea taku whiriwhiri i waenga i te parahi me te muka mō tētahi whatunga ahumahi?

Whakamahia te parahi kua āraia mō ngā oma poto ake tae atu ki te 100 mita me ngā tāutanga paerewa. Kōwhiria te muka mō ngā tawhiti roa, ngā wāhi EMI teitei, me te wā rānei e hiahiatia ana he wehenga kaha ake me te pono o te tuara.

He aha i whiriwhiri ai koe i a Siniwo mō ngā otinga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-ahumahi?

Ka whakarato a Siniwo i te hoahoa kotahi-mutunga, te whakaurunga, te tāutanga, me te tiaki, me ngā hua ATEX, CE, FCC, ROHS, me te ISO9001 e tautokona ana mō te maina, te hinu me te hau, te kawe waka, me ētahi atu rāngai uaua.